NATIONAL TRACKING POLL - Presidential Preferences in 4 Major Age Brackets

 

 

National Tracking Poll

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Presidential Preferences in 4 Major Age Brackets (18–28, 29–39, 40–51, and 52–Upward)

 

 

Republic of the Philippines

Presidential Ascendancy Analysis Phase V

Period Ending April 5, 2010

 

National Sample Spread: 2,550 Respondents/2,550 Questionnaires

18–28:  1,249 (49%); 29–39: 790 (31%); 40–51: 459 (18%); 52–Upward: 204 (8%)

Geographical Location: Luzon (57%); Mindanao (25%); Visayas (18%)

Economic Sectors: Services (54.2%); Industrial (30.9%); Agriculture (14.9%)

 

 

This National/Regional Tracking Poll on the leading contenders to the presidency in the Philippines is meant to 1) examine the top issues affecting the nation's 51 million voters and 2) show who are leading the campaign in the run up to the May 10, 2010 elections.

 

No part herein shall be construed as an endorsement for any candidate or political party. The annotations are based on field data, as gathered via questionnaire administered person-to-person or home-to-home by duly qualified enumerators of the Campaigns & Image Group.

 

All information and analysis herein, tabulated from multi-stage statistical sampling method, are proprietary property of the Campaigns & Image Group and its research arm Tools & Strategy Philippines and available only to domestic and foreign subscribers.

 

Section 1: Presidential Preference Rating

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In the tabulation below you will find the tabulation of responses to the questions (1) "Who among the nine presidential candidates do you think is capable of governing¹ the Philippines," and (2) "For whom you will be voting."

 

The succession of these two questions is meant to confirm and validate the respondent's presidential preferences. An outright first-choice-of-name answer is deemed negated or countermanded if the respondent does not say "yes" on the second. The questionnaire design is intended to affirm the basis of individual and collective judgment straight from the respondent's decision.

 

First-mention between presidential candidates has become a tight contest between VILLAR and AQUINO, as shown in Pulse Asia and Social Weather Station survey results based solely on Metro Manila/NCR cross-section sampling. TEODORO figured prominently in national and regional tracking polls in the country's urban centers.

 

Advertising message development, house-to-house vote canvass, person-to-person platform presentations, media relations (over press releases aired free of charge on radio and TV) and countryside sorties had been crucial elements in the campaign over the last two weeks. Hereunder is a closer look at the contested age brackets in the run up to the May elections:

 

 

National Tracking Poll 18–28 Age Bracket
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (25 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
		Jan 26 –31	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7 to 10	Mar 16 to 20	Apr 1 to 5		Change To Date
AQUINO		38%	28%	14%	20%	25%		+   5
ESTRADA		2%	3%	5%	5%	5%		0
TEODORO		5%	9%	15%	17%	26%		+   9
GORDON		2%	2%	2%	1%	2%		+   1
VILLANUEVA		0.2%	1%	1%	1%	1%		0
VILLAR		9%	14%	17%	24%	33%		+   9
OTHERS		2%	4%	4%	3%	1%		–   2
UNDECIDED		41%	39%	42%	29%	7%		– 22
RESPONDENTS		1,221	1,220	1,224	1,225	1,225
SAMPLE DEPTH		1,249	1,249	1,249	1,249	1,249
CONFID RATING		97%	97%	97%	98%	98%
ERROR MARGIN		3%	3%	3%	2%	2%

 

National Sample Spread: 2,550 Respondents/2,550 Questionnaires

18–28:  1,249 (49%); 29–39: 790 (31%); 40–51: 306 (12%); 52–Upward: 205 (8%)

 

DESCRIPTION

There are nearly 25 million voters in the 18–28 years old bracket alone. This vote-rich cross-section accounted for 49% of those qualified to participate in the May 10, 2010 political exercise, according to statistical data interpolation based on Commission on Election records. 

 

This tracking poll—the 5^th in a row since January—farmed out 1,249 questionnaires out of 2,550 to gauge how far in presidential preference each candidate has gone herein.

 

At least 10% (2.5 million) of them are first-time voters (aged 18 to 20). Up to 124 questionnaires were allocated to evaluate voter preferences in this sub-segment.

 

Another 25% (6.25 million) are aged 21 through 24. They are mostly second-time voters. Up to 312 questionnaires are specifically allocated to represent the preferences of voters in this cross-section.

 

The remaining 65% (16.25 million) are 25 to 28 years old, third-time voters. This study allocates 813 questionnaires or samples for the evaluation of voters in this sub-segment.

One percentage point gained (+) or lost (–) is equivalent to 2 million in the national vote projection.

 

ANALYSIS

Whoever obtains the majority of the votes herein (18–28 age group) is more than likely to be the next president.  With 40 days remaining in the campaign period, the contest has narrowed down to three corners—top survey leader Sen.  MANUEL VILLAR JR, on the one hand, and former defense secretary GILBERT TEODORO and Sen. BENIGNO AQUINO III, on the other.

 

Aside from tracking presidential preferences across age groups, this survey correlates present-day voter behavior in terms of past events (elections and key issues) that largely influenced their thinking and judgment. This is similar to behavior and psychographic evaluation in market analysis.

 

INSIGHTS

(A) TEODORO

With 26 percentage points in presidential preference rating, ruling party candidate TEODORO by far is the biggest gainer in this bracket—7% behind NP bet VILLAR  and 1% higher than AQUINO of the Liberal Party. One strategic factor: He had been able to touch base with collegiate instructors and student leaders as early as December 2009.

 

This huge improvement must have stemmed from massive person-to-person (P2P) and person-to-group (P2G) campaigns done by more 300 volunteer-student   groups in colleges and universities across the country.

 

University and college professors turned out to be "positive influencers" that are comparable to "command votes" in conventional campaign management psychology. The results reflect this huge, fresh, who-dares-wins initiative.

 

Additionally, hundreds of other volunteer groups among professionals doing group-to-group (G2G) discussions with peers have contributed much to shoring up his candidacy between January and March 25, 2010.

 

"Whatever shortfalls in momentum he (TEODORO) was unable to fill through conventional TV ads, he did plug on the ground with people," Campaigns & Image Group says in its analysis.

 

The strategy was reminiscent of former defense secretary Fidel Ramos when he bolted the administration LDP party in late 1991. He went on to establish and empower a national network of volunteers that helped him win against equally well-funded and well-organized opponents in Ramon Mitra and Eduardo Cojuangco.

 

Moreover, the start of the campaign period for local elective positions buoyed up optimism and confidence across the administration party, which boasts of a nationwide machinery in 81 provinces nationwide. The ruling party accounts for more than 12,891 candidates out of 18,000 men and women vying for elective positions in the upcoming elections.

 

TEODORO'S rebound breath a whiff of fresh air from a dismal 6-point slide after his campaign stopped airing TV ads in February and relied instead on tedious, time-losing ground game by students reaching out to first-time voters.

 

New series of TV ads are being aired by now and more financial contributions have begun to stream into the LAKAS-KAMPI treasury 40 days into the May 10 national balloting for president, vice-president, senators, and a host of local government officials.

 

As the smoke from defections cleared, remnants of the Mindanao-based Christian-Muslim Democrats (CMD) that had once coalesced with the pro-administration party in 2007 have regrouped and are throwing their weight behind TEODORO.

 

Up to 51 governors have rallied behind, signing a manifesto declaring their support. By now a complete slate of allies either seeking re-elections or taking a first-time crack at positions are openly endorsing him.

 

Provincial leaders bolting the party for the opposition in the central and northern Philippines remained unabated, though. At least seven (7) governors are expected to announce their shift in support for VILLAR when the campaign resumes after the Lent season.

 

(B) VILLAR

The NP standard bearer, with 33 percentage points, however, remains the overall leader of the pack. Now up 6% points (as reckoned from a slip in the latest Social Weather Station survey), his consistent TV advertising barrage had worked on ESTRADA'S ascendancy, which leveled off in recent days, plus a 9%- switch from undecided voters.

 

The man to beat, he's clearly 8% points over and above AQUINO and seven statistical breaths away from TEODORO.

 

VILLAR stands well-entrenched in the services and agriculture sectors (See separate tracking poll on economic sectors) in addition to a formidable presence in the 40-51 and 52–upward age brackets.

 

He has successfully cultivated growing ascendancies in the three main sectors of the Philippine political economy. Poverty alleviation remains the central theme of his voter acquisition initiative. Campaign messages target the emotions of men and women across a wide cross-section of most families in the Philippines—the jobless, under-employed, homeless, low-income, less educated. The propagation of his populist agenda is working well.

 

Sixty years old, VILLAR by far is the most prepared presidential aspirant—logistically and functionally. His central staff oversees well-coordinated, efficient, well-financed teams that touched base with NGOs, communities, corporations, and influential families across 51 million voters nationwide.

 

Comparably refined than TEODORO'S volunteers, men and women in his ground team use person-to-person (P2P), person-to-companies (P2C), person-to-groups (P2G), and person-to-organizations (P2O) to present his platform and solicit support.

 

He also stands at the positive receiving end of 26 congressional candidates who had defected from LAKAS and shored up his winning chances on a new tactical alliance that's largely based on VILLAR'S financial strength.

 

Although hounded by allegations he was not the poor guy his TV ads impressed upon the public mind, he has gained a formidable ascendancy. He's smarting positive from perception-building initiatives anchored on four months of TV and radio mileage running prime-time exposure of more than 96 minutes per day on major networks.

 

As intensive TV advertising and word-of-mouth campaigns raise public awareness on the senator's ascendancy and platform, the top-of-mind shares of VILLAR has begun to pay off into vote conversions in a largely media-driven campaign so costly and meticulously executed that it staggers the imagination.

 

 

(C) AQUINO

Third placer AQUINO, with 25 percentage points, sees his campaign floundering from inadequate campaign donations and lack of provincial machinery.

 

His lack of leadership ability and management experience has begun to unravel in his interactions with voters during his countryside sorties.

 

AQUINO'S woes are compounded in the central and southern Philippines (Mindanao) where the LP has had incomplete provincial board and municipal and city council tickets supporting weak candidates for governor, vice governor, mayor and vice mayor.

 

More than 85% of provincial, city, and candidates helping his campaigns are men and women over 65 years old who have fallen short in shoring his chances in vote-rich cross-sections of the 18–28 and 29–39 age brackets.

 

Nearly half of gubernatorial candidates in the LP are perceived to be "recycled politicians" who had lost in the 2004 and 2005 electoral contests, analysts from the Philippine NGO Coalition for Rural Development (PHILCORD) say.

 

With provincial support seen as "mere tokens" when compared with those from LAKAS and NP, his anti-corruption messages were not being taken seriously, says an executive from the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM).

 

(D) Sen. Richard Gordon gained 1% from while the preference rating of TV evangelist Eddie Villanueva stayed unchanged.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section 2: 18–28 Age Bracket

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FIRST SUB-SEGMENT: First-time voters, aged 18–20, comprised 10% of the 25 million men and women in the 18–28 bracket who eligible to vote. Hereunder is the statistical tabulation based on the 124 samples obtained and studied—

 

 

National Tracking Poll First-time Voters (18–20 Years Old) Top Six Presidential Candidates
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (2.5 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
	Jan 26 –31	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7 to 10	Mar 16 to 20	Apr 1 to 5			Change To Date
AQUINO	21%	15%	10%	12%	12%			0
ESTRADA	2%	4%	5%	5%	5%			0
TEODORO	7%	10%	15%	13%	18%			+ 5
GORDON	1%	2%	2%	1%	2%			+ 1
VILLANUEVA	0.2%	1%	1%	2%	2%			0
VILLAR	8%	12%	14%	15%	16%			+ 1
OTHERS	3%	4%	4%	3%	3%			0
UNDECIDED	58%	52%	47%	50%	43%			– 7
RESPONDENTS	122	122	122	122	122
SAMPLE DEPTH	124	124	124	124	124
CONFID RATING	98%	98%	98%	98%	98%
ERROR MARGIN	2%	2%	2%	2%	2%

 

ANALYSIS

Technically, first-time voters comprise those that turned 18 years old and registered in October 2009 and subsequent periods set by the election commission. They are also those that were already 18 through 20 years old in 2007 but were unable to register and vote. Impressionable, naïve, impractical yet optimistic, either fresh from college graduation and college-level or senior-high-school by education, they are the technologically inclined, Internet-savvy section of the voting population.

 

One percentage point gained (+) or lost (–) translates to 2 million voters in nationwide projection.

 

(A) TEODORO: Gained 5% points after a 3% slip in the March 16–20 national tracking poll.

 

(B) VILLAR and GORDON each garnered 1% each.

 

(C) AQUINO, ESTRADA and other candidates posted no change in preference ratings.

 

(D) Gainers took 7% from those undecided voters.

 

 

SECOND SUB-SEGMENT: Second-time voters, aged 21–24, were among those who voted in 2007. College-educated, currently employed and raising families of their own, they are the Internet-savvy, yet idealistic men and women who still welcome or believe in promises and are willing to trust that political and social reforms are possible.

 

National Tracking Poll Second-time Voters (21–24 Years Old)
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (6.25 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7 to 10	Mar 16 to 20	Apr 1 to 5				Change To Date
AQUINO	14%	10%	11%	11%				0
ESTRADA	3%	5%	5%	5%				0
TEODORO	11%	15%	13%	15%				+ 2
GORDON	2%	2%	1%	1%				0
VILLANUEVA	1%	1%	2%	2%				0
VILLAR	11%	14%	15%	17%				+ 2
OTHERS	4%	4%	3%	3%				0
UNDECIDED	54%	47%	50%	46%				– 4
RESPONDENTS	305	306	304	304
SAMPLE DEPTH	312	312	312	312
CONFIDENCE RATING	97%	98%	98%	98%
ERROR MARGIN	3%	2%	2%	2%

 

National Sample Spread: 2,550 Respondents/2,550 Questionnaires

18–28:  1,249 (49%); 29–39: 790 (31%); 40–51: 306 (12%); 52–Upward: 205 (8%)

 

ANALYSIS

VILLAR and TEODORO each obtained 2% points while the others posted no change in their presidential preference rating.

 

The 4% gains came from the undecided voters spread across the four major age brackets.

One percentage point gained (+) or lost (–) is equivalent to 2 million votes in nationwide projection.

 

THIRD SUB-SEGMENT: Third-time voters, by now aged 25 through 28, comprise those voted in the controversial, scandal-tainted presidential elections in May 2004 that pitted economist-turned-politician in incumbent GLORIA ARROYO against movie actor FERNANDO POE JR.  Highly educated, pre-occupied with career, they are doting moms and pops to elementary school children. Yet, because they too are platform-oriented in their choice of candidates and disillusioned by poverty and corruption tearing the nation apart, they are difficult to impress with promises.  A large number of them may have voted for VILLAR when he first ran for senator.

 

National Tracking Poll Third-time Voters (25–28 Years Old)
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (16.25 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7 to 10	Mar 16 to 20	Apr 1 to 5				Change To Date
AQUINO	12%	10%	11%	12%				+ 1
ESTRADA	4%	5%	5%	5%				0
TEODORO	10%	15%	13%	15%				+ 2
GORDON	2%	2%	2%	2%				0
VILLANUEVA	1%	1%	2%	2%				0
VILLAR	10%	14%	15%	17%				+ 2
OTHERS	4%	4%	3%	3%				0
UNDECIDED	57%	47%	50%	45%				– 5
RESPONDENTS	789	790	791	799
SAMPLE DEPTH	813	813	813	813
CONFIDENCE RATING	97%	97%	97%	98%
ERROR MARGIN	3%	3%	2%	2%

 

ANALYSIS

VILLAR and TEODORO increased 2% points each in this section. AQUINO also took 1% point up. Their respective gains stemmed from discussions with personal friends, professional peers, and family members based on what they read from newspapers, heard from radio and TV newscasts, and digested from TV advertising of candidates.

 

Gainers took points from undecided voters.

 

One percentage point gained (+) or lost (–) translates to at least 2 million voters in a nationwide projection.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Section 3: 29–39 Age Bracket

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Most of the men and women in this voter segment took part in elections for the first time in 1992, when they were between 18 and 20 years of age, and when Sen. RAMON MITRA and Philippine beer tycoon EDUARDO COJUANGCO lost to former defense secretary FIDEL RAMOS.

 

Also in their ranks are fourth-time voters who first participated in the 2001 political exercises and those who either voted for JOSEPH ESTRADA or JOSE DE VENECIA in 1998. Wise from two past presidential contests, they are mature,   discerning and difficult to please, practically voters with conscience. They had seen scandals sweep the public mind—from the misuse of the National Printing Office facilities and Manila Bay reclamation, among others, including the meteoric rise of ESTRADA from the vice presidency to the presidency and his fall from grace in 2001.

 

 

National Tracking Poll 29–39 Age Bracket Top Six Presidential Candidates
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (15.8 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7 –10	Mar 16 –20	Apr 1 to 5				Change To Date
AQUINO	10%	6%	7%	7%				0
ESTRADA	1%	2%	2%	2%				0
TEODORO	3%	6%	4%	6%				+ 2
GORDON	1%	1%	1%	1%				0
VILLANUEVA	1%	1%	1%	1%				0
VILLAR	5%	7%	8%	10%				+ 2
OTHERS	3%	3%	2%	2%				0
UNDECIDED	76%	72%	73%	69%				– 4
RESPONDENTS	779	775	776	775
SAMPLE DEPTH	790	790	790	790
CONFIDENCE RATING	98%	98%	98%	98%
ERROR MARGIN	2%	2%	2%	2%

National Sample Spread: 2,550 Respondents/2,550 Questionnaires

18–28:  1,249 (49%); 29–39: 790 (31%); 40–51: 306 (12%); 52–Upward: 205 (8%)

 

ANALYSIS

This is the second vote-rich section of the Philippines's political economy. Combined with those from the 18-htrough-28 age group, it comprises 80% of the total voting population, according to interpolated data obtained from the Commission on Elections.

 

 

Section 4: 40–51 Age Bracket

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Most of the electors in this section were first-time voters when President Ferdinand Marcos lifted martial rule in 1980 and allowed elections for local government positions (in provinces, cities, and towns in 12 regions nationwide). The men and women in this cross-section saw through the first post-martial rule elections of representative to the National Assembly in 1984 and subsequently the fall of Marcos following the 1986 snap elections and the civilian-backed military uprising that swept CORAZON AQUINO into the presidency.

 

 

National Tracking Poll 40–51 Age Bracket
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (6.12 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
	Jan 26–31	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7 –10	Mar 16–20			Apr 1 to 5	Change To Date
AQUINO	12%	8%	2%	3%			4%	+ 1
ESTRADA	2%	3%	3%	3%			3%	0
TEODORO	1%	1%	1%	1%			3%	+ 2
GORDON	1%	1%	1%	1%			1%	0
VILLANUEVA	0.1%	0.2%	0.5%	0.5%			0.5%	0
VILLAR	2%	3%	5%	6%			8%	+ 2
OTHERS	2%	3%	3%	2%			2%	0
UNDECIDED	80%	81%	83%	82%			77%	– 5
RESPONDENTS	297	300	299	300			300
SAMPLE DEPTH	306	306	306	306			306
CONFID RATE	97%	98%	98%	98%			98%
ERROR MARGIN	3%	2%	2%	2%			2%

 

National Sample Spread: 2,550 Respondents/2,550 Questionnaires

18–28:  1,249 (49%); 29–39: 790 (31%); 40–51: 306 (12%); 52–Upward: 205 (8%)

 

 

ANALYSIS

TEODORO and VILLAR obtained at least 2% points each, from a section of politically mature electors that are not openly expressive of their presidential preferences.

 

The 1% point that AQUINO has had followed a consistent pattern of slow-but-sure advance.  This improvement apparently comes from men and women in this age bracket who took part in the 1986 elections and voted for his mother CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO.

 

Section 4: 52–Upward Age Bracket

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Retirement-bound, married for 30 years, and exercising influence over newly married sons and daughters (who are also voters), the men and women in this section have second thoughts about elections and the potential of change each exercise brings. They are also electors who had long since retired from their jobs in the government and private corporations, either surviving from their retirement pension or getting support from their families.

 

National Tracking Poll 52–Upward Age Bracket Top Six Presidential Candidates
Base: Total Registered Voters 100%  (4.1 Million Nationwide)
Candidates	Presidential Preference Findings
	Feb 20 –26	Mar 7–10	Mar 6–20	Apr 1 to 5				Change To Date
AQUINO	28%	25%	20%	16%				– 4
ESTRADA	11%	13%	14%	14%				0
TEODORO	22%	24%	24%	26%				+ 2
GORDON	4%	5%	5%	5%				0
VILLANUEVA	3%	3%	2%	2%				0
VILLAR	27%	28%	32%	34%				+ 2
OTHERS	3%	3%	3%	3%				0
UNDECIDED	2%	2%	1%	1%				0
RESPONDENTS	201	200	200	199
SAMPLE DEPTH	205	205	205	205
CONFIDENCE RATING	98%	98%	98%	98%
ERROR MARGIN		2%	2%	2%

 

National Sample Spread: 2,550 Respondents/2,550 Questionnaires

18–28:  1,249 (49%); 29–39: 790 (31%); 40–51: 306 (12%); 52–Upward: 205 (8%)

 

 

Emotional about the restoration of democracy in 1986 but disillusioned at government failure to institutionalize reform, there is a relatively growing mass of voters in this bracket who see no better good with elections, especially those who are 70 through 75 years old by now.

 

ANALYSIS

By far the only gainers in this bracket are VILLAR and TEODORO at 2% points each.

 

Disillusioned by ESTRADA'S presidential failings, voters in this segment are open to reasons that can move them into supporting any of the candidates. At least 25 years old when ESTRADA build a name for him as an actor in Philippine cinema and by now in advance in age, some of them still  root for him out of emotional attachment.

 

 

Conclusions

 

The irreconcilable differences between the results of this survey and that of Social Weather Stations and Pulse Asia stemmed from statistical samples that are obtained in the National Capital Region and used as a random base for nationwide analysis.

 

To present a clear picture, Campaigns & Image used a large sample spread of 5,100 during its January 22-30 survey to establish a comprehensive benchmark. Like a picture that has thousands of digital pixels, our findings reflect a truly rational and reliable measurement of the preferences our electors have for presidential, senatorial, and local government positions at stake in the May balloting.

 

Based on interpolated COMELEC data showing that age brackets 18–28 and 29–39 constitute 78% through 80% of the nation's registered voters, CIG designed subsequent tracking polls using 1,249 samples on the age 18–28 age group.

By drawing parallel assumptions from hundreds of pixels that render a photograph clear and detailed for the human eye, CIG further sub-divided the bracket into sub-segments (e.g., 18–20; 21–24; 25–28) for a better view.

 

This national tracking poll has become the most reliable tool outsiders (foreign observers) use in understanding the sentiments, thoughts, and aspirations of the Filipino people as regards their choices for national and local officials. This tells exactly where a candidate posts gains or losses and describes the reason(s) for each rise or fall in preference ratings.

 

From the governance capability ratings (GCR) and general acceptability ratings (GAR) of the candidates our subscribers will see who are likely to comprise the country's executive and legislative leadership after Mrs. Arroyo steps down in June 2010.

 

Hereunder are the rest of our findings:

 

1) Communication strategy, messaging, and choice of media (TV and radio) win heart and minds. This observation means that:

=Voter response is tied to issues they hold important in their lives

=Audiences relate themselves to the life and experience of candidates

=Candidate who has leadership capability, management experience and integrity; who is perceived to be transparent, and who presents a better platform, gets higher preference

=The more ads aired, the deeper messages sink in

 

2) Organization (logistics) wins campaigns:

=Preferences change over time in the run up to balloting

=Creating and sustaining perceptions of being "winnable" are inadequate

=Vote conversion drivers hold the key to victory

 

By far perceived to be popular and well-prepared presidential candidates in the nine-person field, the most likely winner could be anyone in VILLAR, AQUINO and TEODORO.

 

Analysis & Annotation By

The Campaigns & Image Group (Philippines)

3/31/2010